Next-Generation Regenerative Medicine (Beyond Stem Cells): Exosomes and Extracellular RNA

摘要

The overwhelming emphasis in regenerative medicine at this moment is the use of stem cells, with the goal to reach a broad range of pro-regenerative molecular targets through paracrine signals. However, the regenerative medicine 'sandbox' is increasingly multimodal, including new technologies such as gene therapy, oligonucleotides (RNAi, antisense), nano-pharmaceuticals, biornimetic scaffolds, and stem cell products (extracellular vesicles). There is also a large push toward the application of induced pluripotent stem cells which have the capacity to differentiate into multiple lineages and thus any cell type for replacement therapy. As engraftment is still challenging, and pluripotent stem cells have a propensity for errors resulting from reprogramming and differentiation, their application is a long way off in veterinary medicine.