Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are typically actuated via resistive heating from a direct current flowing through the shape memory alloy or external resistive heaters. Though actuation heat-up time can be short, SMA actuators are not capable of rapid cool-down, which is required for high actuation frequencies. The integration of liquid metal vascular flow as an active cooling mechanism can allow for higher actuation frequency. Additionally, the vascular channels can be made multifunctional by orienting channels in a coil configuration to heat the actuator electrically via induction heating in place of resistive-based heating. Two variations of this actuator system are proposed, modeled, and demonstrated: as a polymer/SMA composite and additively manufactured SMA monolithic forms.
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