Alternative Fuels Development in Europe: Threat or Opportunity for theMiddle East?

摘要

PART IFuels Developments in Europe: a threat?: Introduction In 2015 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) havesigned the Paris Agreement.The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016,after beingratified by 55 countries-representing at least 55% of total greenhouse gas emissions.The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below2 °C above pre-industrial levels;and to limit the increase to 1.5 C,since this would substantially reduce therisks and effects of climate change.Being aware of climate change,aleady in 2009 The European Unionpublished the original Renewable Energy Directive (RED 2009/28/EC) that establishes an overall policyfor the production and promotion of energy from renewable sources in the EU.It requires the EU to fulfilat least 20% of its total energy needs with renewables by 2020-to be achieved through the attainment ofindividual national targets.As a subtarget all EU member states must also ensure that at least 10% of theirtransport fuels come from renewable sources by 2020.In December 2018,the revised Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU entered into force.Itestablishes a new binding renewable energy target for the EU for 2030 of at least 32%,with a clause fora possible upwards revision by 2023.Under the new Governance regulation,EU countries are required todraft 10-year National Energy & Climate Plans (NECPs) for 2021-2030,outlining how they will meet thenew 2030 targets for renewable energy and for energy efficiency.The subtarget of for renewable energyin transport is raised to 14%.