Cystic ovarian disease (COD), also described as cystic ovarian follicles, is an important ovarian dysfunction in dairy cattle, especially during the early postpartum period and results in reduced fertility and associated economic losses. COD may negatively impact dairy profitability mainly by delaying conception. COD arises as the result of ovulatory failure. Folliculogenesis and ovulation are orchestrated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The primary factor is thought to be a deficient luteinizing hormone surge resulting in anovulation. However, the endocrine disruption that results in cyst formation is likely of multifactorial etiology and remains poorly understood. A dysfunction can occur at different levels of this neuroendocrine system, causing COD. Clinical signs of COD vary due to the different forms of ovarian cysts and the dynamic nature of the disorder. Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis has facilitated development of more predictable treatment options. Because several management-related risk factors increase the incidence of COD, proactive intervention can reduce the incidence.
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