The primary objectives of mine closure are to minimize environmental impacts from mining activities and reduce financial risk to the shareholders of the company.All environmental aspects are considered during closure planning.This paper presents typical mine closure approaches by reviewing mine closure guidelines and best practices worldwide and promotes the understanding of mine closure issues the building of mine closure capability for developing countries,particularly smalland medium-sized enterprises.In particular,closure guidelines from international agencies such as the World Bank and the European Union,selected nations such as Australia and Canada,and industrial organizations such as the International Council on Mining and Metals are reviewed.It is summarized that the major mine closure issues include regulatory frameworks,post-mining land uses,risk-based and integrated planning,cost estimation and financial assurance,closure operations,closure completion criteria,closure monitoring and maintenance,relinquishment and record retention,and stakeholder involvement.
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