High Penetration Renewable Integration Case Study for an Island Power System in Hawai‘i

摘要

Hawaii is 90 percent dependent on imported fossil fuels; the most dependent of all fifty states. In 2011, Hawaii spent $5.95 billion importing 43.7 billion barrels of oil for Hawaii’s primary energy needs: air transportation (jet fuel), ground transportation (gasoline and diesel), and electricity (low-sulfur fuel oil and diesel) [1].