ASSESSMENT OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF NITROGEN AND CARBON COMPOUNDS EMITTED IN THE ARCTIC: THE EXAMPLE OF NATURAL GAS FIELDS OF GAZPROM DOBYCHA YAMBURG

摘要

The paper is devoted to assessment of the integrated man-caused impact on ecosystems of the Far North, which is inevitable during HC production, requires regular and objective assessment that allows to monitor the dynamics of environmental changes with acceptable probability level. Territories under extreme conditions (permafrost areas, etc.) with significant changes caused by gas production facilities to natural landscapes often cannot be naturally remediated within the time specified in standards. It should be noted that negative geoecological effects occur both in emergency situations and under normal operation. The zone of partial destruction of the plant cover caused by one-time passage of vehicles in the Far North areas on routes and field site adjacent territories accounts for the considerable part of developed areas. Over half of these territories are burned areas. The assessment of geoecological effects on ecosystems of the Far North requires a universal instrument, which is ensured by modeling and the impact of geoecological factors on the operation of the developed territory. The historical and forecast assessment should be based on substantiated criteria and made using contemporary international scientific and technical methods. It will improve the efficiency of the environmental management at production facilities of Gazprom dobycha Yamburg. It is essential that the study of the environmental response to one-type impact allows to apply the method of analogues to other fields of the Far North. The novelty of studies consists in the use of the life cycle assessment methodology for pollutants under Arctic conditions, which are emitted during, natural gas production and transmission at fields of Gazprom dobycha Yamburg. This methodology comprises pollutant emission assessment, their short-term and long-term transformation and transfer in the "atmosphere - plants - soil - water" system, calculation of ecosystem stability criteria and pollutant supply using parameters "critical loads" and "geoecological risks". It allows to carry out a comprehensive objective historical and forecast assessment of the geoecological situation on HC fields in the Far North. At present there is no regulatory and procedural base for the unified approach to the integral estimation of the status and dynamics of the geoecological situation on the territory of Arctic fields. Normal operation of the environmental management system under these conditions is possible only using selected information criteria. The results of the carried out work will allow: - to enhance accuracy and objectiveness of geological situation assessments; - to meet global trends in environmental supervision of industrial activity; - to improve environmental management system efficiency. Thus, stable development of Gazprom dobycha Yamburg, its industrial facilities and Gazprom group companies requires consideration of all regional specific features of geoecological impact factors at all stages of field life cycle with account of their effects synthesis, using corresponding methods that take into account their synergistic nature.