Urethral carcinoma is a rare malignancy accounting for less than 1% of male and female genitourinary cancers. A recent report based upon Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data suggested that it is more common among men than women and also more common among the black population. These data are somewhat different than reports from tertiary referral centers with respect to incidence. Risk factors for the development of urethral cancer can be stratified by gender. Among men they include a history of urethral stricture, sexually transmitted disease (including human papillomavirus), and trauma. Risk factors for women include conditions associated with chronic irritation including caruncles and diverticula. Other reported risk factors include sexual activity and childbirth.
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