Bioprinting living tissue constructs or cell-laden scaffolds has been well studied in the literature. Success has been achieved with growing thin tissues or tissues that do not need vascularization, including skin, cartilage, and blood vessels, in laboratory settings. In-situ bioprinting, on the other hand, can enable the growth of thick tissues in critical defects with the help of vascularization driven by nature in lesions. Therefore, in-situ bioprinting stands as a promising direction for the bioprinting tissue analogues that can engraft with the endogenous tissue and generate new tissue along with vascularization. Although such a technology is not available for humans yet, it is highly promising technology that will revolutionize medicine. Figure 1 demonstrates bioprinting on humans, where the advanced robotics technology can be used to repair body parts such as maxillofacial tissues with neural surgeries, cosmetic surgeries and composite tissue reconstruction by bioprinting bone tissue and soft tissue and precisely placing blood vessels, nerves and muscles during surgeries.
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