Remote Sensing Applications to Detect the Coastal Pollution Case Study : Detecting the Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea

摘要

Operational and research satellite systems are now providing global synoptic measurements of climatic and environmental parameters that relate to the major processes of the sea and atmosphere. Satellite systems can also provide measurements on local scales that are of interest to seas, and which expand the capacities provided by conventional shipboard techniques. For needs at higher spectral and spatial resolution, aircraft platforms may be used. These obtain remotely sensed measurements more amenable to coordination with surface measurements under the existing weather or other environmental conditions. Pollution in the coastal zone includes oil films and plumes from sea dumping of waste materials, such as sewage sludge, acid, and other chemicals. These materials often have unique spectral for remote sensing. In some circumstances there is also a unique signature. The discrimination between various components contributing to upwelling radiance is made possible by the spectral reparability of pollutants and their brightness differences from clear water. Plumes in the coastal zone due to scattering by suspended paniculate; usually produce higher upwelling radiance than emanates from clear water. The main objective of Remote Sensing techniques is to identify and classify types of pollution, sensitive land and water surface for later sensitivity analysis and assessment of the need for protection. Remote Sensing is providing very useful for a board of environmental applications. All the wavelength regions, from UV through microwave have practical applications. The synoptic regional coverage, availability of data from inaccessible areas and repeated coverage are advantage of aircraft and satellite imagery. This helps to put an oil spill contingency plan, in order to project environmentally sensitive areas and monitoring of accidental spills to aid cleanup operations. The aspects of oil spill monitoring are : detection of oil spills, estimation of thickness and volume of spills, and identification of the type of crude or refined oil in a spill.