The manganese direct alloying in less slag steelmaking was confirmed beneficial for cost saving. But its application is limited for the BOF steelmaking with normal slag volume. Based on both thermodynamic equilibrium and empirical data, manganese yield of manganese ore direct alloying during BOF steelmaking process was studied. The influence on the manganese yield such as tapping temperature, carbon content of steel grades, slag volume, and the addition amount of manganese ore were discussed considering the mass and thermal balance. The kinetics of manganese oxidation and reduction during BOF steelmaking process was also studied to predict the manganese content change and its content at the endpoint. A kinetic model was established to predict Mn yield, kinetic behavior of manganese in a wide range of BOF operation parameters, the economic availability of manganese ore direct alloying for the conventional desulfurization pretreated hot metal was discussed.
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