2" SDR11 and 1" SDR11 polyamide 11 (PA-11) pipe made at GF Sloane, U.S. has been used for establishing fusion visual standards as well as a study agreed upon between Atofina Chemicals, Inc. (now Arkema Inc.) and the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) to test fusion integrity as a function of various key variables (including heater temperature, heat "soak" time, interfacial pressure, moisture content, and ambient temperature). Fusion integrity testing included ASTM D1599 Quick Burst and ASTM D638 Tensile Testing (both required by the D.O.T. CFR 192.283 for qualifying joining procedures for plastic pipe) as well as ASTM D1598 long-term sustained pressure testing. Results indicate that with the exception of one isolated burst case (a brittle failure due to contamination in the fusion interface), all of the conditions used in this study produced fusions that qualify under CFR 192.283. It can therefore be concluded that the visual appearance of all fusions produced in this study is in fact representative of a good fusion.
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