GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF HYDROGEN-BONDED SOLIDS AT VARIED PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

摘要

Hydrogen bonds are abundant in Nature. They are intrinsic to the interactions of water molecules and to most of biological substances, cellulose, proteins, DNA strands, or pharmaceutical drugs. Hydrogen bonds are present in numerous minerals in the Earth crust, in water aggregates of water vapour, and in the tiny droplets or ice particles in the clouds. Just like other types of interactions-van der Waals, electrostatic or metallic forces-hydrogen bonds shape the properties of substances, the ability of molecules to form aggregates, to associate with the molecules of other substances, and generally the physical properties of hydrogen-bonded materials. It is due to hydrogen bonds that new branches of chemical sciences have developed, such as supramolecular chemistry or the chemistry of inclusion compounds. In the physical sciences there are several long-studied problems related to hydrogen bonding, such as the transformations of water and ice [1-4] or the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition in the KH_2PO_4 and KH_2PO_4-type crystals [5-12].