Produced Water Treatment Using Switchable Polarity Solvent Forward Osmosis (SPS FO) Technology

摘要

Significant quantities of produced water are brought to the surface during oil and gas production operations. Produced water generally consists of naturally occurring brine present in the reservoir, but may also contain fracturing fluid or other injection fluids associated with oil and gas recovery operations [1]. The quality of produced water is variable, ranging in salinity similar to that of drinking water to several times more saline than sea water. Various constituents can be contained in produced water from petroleum reservoirs, including dissolved salt, petroleum and other organie compounds, suspended solids, trace elements, bacteria, naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), and anything injected into the well [2].