*** Formatting Issue - Best Available Paper/Graphic **--Worldwide Geothermal Energy Utilization 2015

摘要

This report presents a review of the worldwide applications of geothermal energy utilization by 2015 and updates the previous survey carried out by 2010. Both worldwide power generation and direct utilization are presented in this report. The present report is based on country update papers received from 70 countries and regions of which 24 reported electric power generation and 65 reported some direct utilization of geothermal energy. Seventeen additional countries were added to the list based on other sources of information. We also compare data from 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 presented at World Geothermal Congresses in Italy, Japan, Turkey, and Indonesia respectively (WGC95, WGC2000,WGC2005, and WGC2010). Power plants under construction, which are expected to be commissioned in 2015, are included in the installed capacity of 12,635 MWe with an annual energy production of 73,549 GWh. An increase of 1,738 MWe in the five year term 2010-2015 has been achieved (about 16% or 3% annually), following the rough standard linear trend of approximately 350 MWe/year, with an average value of about 200 MWe/year in the preceding 2000-2005 period. The installed capacity consists of 40.2% single flash units, 22.7% dry steam units, 20.1% double flash units, 14.2% binary units, 1.4% triple flash units, and 1.4% back pressure units. Direct utilization of geothermal energy in the total of 82 countries is an increase from the 78 reported in 2010, 72 reported in 2005, 58 reported in 2000, and 28 reported in 1995. As in previous reports, an effort is made to quantify ground-source (geothermal) heat pump data which has grown at an annual rate of 8.6% in installed capacity and 10.2% in annual energy use over the past five years. An estimation of the installed thermal power for direct utilization by 2015 equals 70,329 MWt, almost a 45% increase over the 2010 data, growing at a compound rate of 7.7% annually with a capacity factor of 0.265. The thermal energy used is 587,786 TJ/yr (163,287 GWh/yr), a 38.7% increase over 2010, growing at a compound rate of 6.8% annually. The distribution of thermal energy used by category is approximately 55.3% for ground-source heat pumps, 20.3% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 15.0% for space heating (of which 89% is for district heating), 4.5% for greenhouses and open ground heating, 2.0% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, 1.8% for industrial process heating, 0.4% for snow melting and cooling, 0.4% for agricultural drying, and 0.3% for other uses. For electric power generation and direct utilization combined, the energy savings amounted to 474 million barrels (71.5 million tonnes) of equivalent oil annually, preventing 74.4 million tonnes of carbon and 194.4 million tonnes of CO_2 being released to the atmosphere, this includes savings for geothermal heat pumps in the cooling mode. Approximately 2,218 well were drilled in 42 countries, 34,000 person-years of effort were allocated in 52 countries, and US$20 billion invested in projects by 49 countries.