The rate of glass production in all-electrical melters greatly impacts the cost and schedule of nuclear waste treatment and immobilization. Mathematical models are thus commonly used today for the simulation of waste melter behavior under different conditions. Regrettably, these models often oversimplify the reaction layer, also known as cold cap, in which the melter feed turns into molten glass. However, without a proper model of the cold cap, it is impossible to reliably predict the melting rate and the melter behavior.
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