During the refining of steel and of nonferrous-metals undesirable impurities are removed either via the slag or by reaction of another reagent introduced by injection or lump addition. Such processes are performed either under reducing or oxidizing conditions, depending on the chemical requirements of the process and of the overall process route. In this paper, the thermodynamics and kinetics of such processes are reviewed. In most cases, the kinetics of the processes can be understood with the conventional concepts of kinetics, but there are still some unresolved questions.
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