HAZ27_033 Standardisation of Bow Tie Methodology and Terminology via a CCPS/EI Book - ABSTRACT

摘要

The Chemical Center for Process Safety (CCPS) issues books that have become the de facto best practise for process safety management globally. For example the CCPS issued the original LOPA book in 2001 and the Risk Based Process Safety book in 2007. We, the authors and members of the sub-committee advising on the content of the book, are nearing the end of a long process to write, develop, review, edit and issue a CCPS Concept book (prepared together with the Energy Institute) on the use of BowTies in risk management. The purpose of the book is to provide the basis for the chemical and process industries to move towards consistency in the approach adopted and terminology used when developing and using bowties. The book has been written by DNV-GL in the USA but with significant contributions from a sub-committee of over ten companies. This paper and presentation will highlight the key recommendations, assumptions and improvements that CCPS are proposing for bowties, such as: 1. Audience: key to bow ties is determining who is the audience for them, from the front-line operators through local management to corporate risk managers and senior management; 2. Barriers must be 'effective, independent and auditable', i.e. they must have the capacity to completely stop the threat from leading to the top event and must be independent of the threat and other barriers linked to a particular threat; 3. Barriers are either active or passive. If active, they must have separate elements to Detect what is going wrong, Decide on what to do about it and to Act to completely stop the threat from progressing further; 4. Barriers are now defined as: Active Hardware (all elements of detect-decide-act are hardware), Active Human (all elements of detect-decide-act are human), Active Hardware+Human (elements of detect-decide-act are a mix of hardware and human), Passive Hardware and Continuous Hardware (only the act element is present, the detect and decide elements were determined during the design of the barrier); 5. Degradation factors: barriers may fail, or degrade for various reasons. Previously these factors were called escalation factors, due the escalation of the risk due to the barrier failing. 6. The "barriers" against degradation factors are referred to as "safeguards". Safeguards may not fulfil the barrier criteria of being 'effective, independent and auditable' or have all of the detect, decide and act elements but will be more effective if these criteria are met. 7. Human performance may be one element of a barrier but more usually, human and organisational factors will appear as safeguards preventing the degradation of barriers due to human error or other causes. 8. The book also proposes standardisation on the meta-data associated with barriers such as barrier owner, the inherent, or as designed, strength of the barrier and barrier performance (the current condition or status of the barrier). In addition to the improvements suggested above, the CCPS/EI book discusses how to develop bow ties, how to maintain them and how to incorporate human factors in bow ties (which is also addressed in another paper submitted to Hazards 27). Finally the paper includes a bowtie for a gasoline storage tank facility (a la Buncefield) to demonstrate the application of the recommended terminology. It is hoped that the consistency in development and implementation of bow ties that will arise from use of the CCPS/EI book will improve their quality and application thereby reducing the risks in operating environments and less major accidents.