Increasing renewable energy generation(REG)and electrification of the transportation sector are key environmental efforts.Volatile REG creates electric power load peaks which result in expansion needs for the distribution grids.I evaluate the potential to defer these expansion investments with controlled vehicle-to-grid(V2G)and grid-to-vehicle(G2V)charging.I show that G2V charging reduces expansion investments by more than 14% if PEV penetrations exceed 10% and about 30% if penetrations are 40% and higher.V2G charging adds 10 percentage points to this benefit.This investment deferral is highly dependent on PV generation levels and ranges from 4% to 47% for G2V and 7% to 63% for V2G at PEV penetrations of 10%.Overall,the benefits are highest at medium PV generation levels,where the utilization of additional lines and transformers would be low.The main contributions I make are(1)to create an understanding of the effectiveness of G2V,and the additional benefit of V2G to defer expansion investments and(2)to evaluate how the available PEV penetration and the amount of REG to be integrated effect the expansion investment savings.In contrast to previous papers,distribution grid expansion needs from the integration of REG are the focus,rather than increased demand loads.
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