Life-history Notes on the Fern-mining Endemic Hyposmocoma (Euperissus) trivitella Swezey 1913(Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) from Kauai and a Report of Associated Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

摘要

The cosmopterigid genus Hyposmocoma Butler 1881 includes two subgenera, Euperissus (Butler 1881) and Hyposmocoma Butler 1881, totaling approximately 350 described species, all of them endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. Larvae of all known Hyposmocoma sensu stricto are case-bearing (Walsingham 1907, Zimmerman 1978, Schmitz and Rubinoff 2011a) and their life-histories are now becoming well-documented based on recent efforts (e.g. Rubinoff and Haines 2005; Schmitz and Rubinoff 2008, 2009, 2011a, b). Larvae of Euperissus, however, are poorly studied, and those species that are known are nearly all stem borers (Zimmerman 1978). Species of Euperissus are thought to lack cases entirely, providing an immediate distinction between it and the case-bearing subgenus Hyposmocoma. Because larval life histories of so few Euperissus species have been documented, it is important that the larvae and life histories of species in this subgenus are described.