Geologists use large data sets and spend many hours and much computing time modelling the distribution of minerals throughout a rock mass. Signifi cant investments in drilling, assaying and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) are made before sophisticated geostatistical techniques are applied to the collected data. A large amount of research has been done in this fi eld such that the ore control model is a reasonably accurate refl ection of the mineral that is actually in the ground. However, after all this effort, the mining engineers then work just as diligently to blast the in situ rock mass to a particle size that can be effi ciently handled and further reduced by downstream comminution processes. In open cut mines, this invariably requires large amounts of explosive energy that displaces the ore boundaries from where the geologists originally defi ned them. Failure to accurately account for blast movement will result in misclassifi cation, whether that is ore to waste; low grade to high grade; sulfi de to oxide; or other contaminates – collectively referred to as ore loss and dilution. The fi nancial consequence of getting this wrong is substantial and not well quantifi ed. This diminishes all of the good geological QA/QC done in defi ning the ore. This paper discusses various technologies used to physically measure blast-induced orebody movement and the diffi culties in modelling this with a purely theoretical approach. Rock mass structure, blast energy, design and timing contours all have signifi cant and interrelated effects on blast movement vectors. Measured blast movement has a large variance due to the uncertainly of many of the controlling parameters – arguably dominated by the heterogeneous nature of the rock mass. Although there have been signifi cant advances in blast movement modelling capability in recent years, this unpredictable blast movement limits their use in the context of production ore control. Certainly, without physical fi eld measurements, accurate predictions of movement are near impossible. Limitations of traditional surface markers in determining three-dimensional (3D) blast movement within the orebody are also reviewed, and advancements in accurately measuring these vectors within blasted ore discussed.
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