Thin capping with or without active carbon (AC) amendment has been proposed for in situ remediation of contaminated sediment areas which are too large or beyond reach of common dredging operations or isolation capping. The Grenlandfjords, SE Norway, received emissions of dioxins from a magnesium production plant operated during 1951-2002, and the sediments, 10 km2 of which are located below 50 m depth, have later become a major secondary source of dioxins for fish and shellfish caught in the area. Food chain modelling has indicated that levels of dioxins in cod liver will remain high for another 4-5 decades.
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