THE OCCURRENCE OF PRIORITY SUBSTANCES REGULATED BY 76/464/EEC AND 2000/60/EC WFD DIRECTIVES IN THE SURFACE WATERS SUPPLING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS OF ATHENS, GREECE

摘要

An investigation into the occurrence of priority substances regulated by 76/464/EEC Directive and 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive, was conducted for a period of one year in the surface water sources supplying the water treatment plants (WTPs) of Athens and in the raw water of WTPs. Samples from four reservoirs (Mornos, Yliki, Marathon, Evinos) and four water treatment plants of Athens (Galatsi, Menidi, Polydendri, Aspropirgos) were taken seasonally. The substances are divided in eight specific groups, including eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Benzene, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Dichlomethane, Hexachlorobutiadiene, Trichlorobenzene, Naphthalene, Pentachlorobenzene, Trichloromethane), a category of nine compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols and diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP, 4-nonylphenol, 4-octyphenol, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Benzo-a-pyrene, Benzo-b-fluoanthene,Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, Indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene), four organochlorine insecticides (Alachlor, Endosulfan, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorocycloexane), three organophosphorus insecticides (Chlorfenviphos, Chlorpyrifos, Trifluralin), four herbicides (Atrazine, Diuron, Isoproturon, Simazine) and Pentachlorophenol, six organotins (Tributyltin, Dibutyltin, Monobutyltin, Monophenyltin, Diphenyltin, Triphenyltin) and four metals (mercury, lead, nickel and cadmium). The presence of VOCs has been determined by a modification of purge and trap (PAT) gas chromatography - mass spectrometric method (GC-MS). The determination of PAHs was accomplished using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) coupled to GC-MS analysis. Solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure and GC with electron capture detector (ECD) and nitrogenous phosphorus detector (NPD) were applied to quantify the organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to screen water samples for herbicides and pentachlorophenol. Organotins were determined by gas chromatography - flame photometric detector (GC-FPD). Finally, the determination of lead, nickel, cadmium was made by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), while cold vapor - AAS (CVAAS) with flow injection analysis (FIAS) was used for the determination of mercury. The results showed that the surface waters of Athens are not burdened with toxic substances identified as EU priority substances. Atrazine, hexachlorocycloexane, endosulfan, trifluralin, anthracene, 4-nonylphenol and some organotin species were observed at very low concentrations occasionally.