Influence of expander components on the reversibility of he charge-discharge processes in lead-acid batteries for electric vehicles applications - (PPT)

摘要

Let us now summarize the general conclusions that can be drawn based on all above experimental data. 1. Carbon blacks (Black Pearls 2000 and PRINTEX XE2) have the most beneficial effect on the HRPSoC cycle life and on the capacity of the cells, when added in concentrations from 0.2% to 0.5%. Higher concentrations of these additives reduce the number of completed HRPSoC cycles. Norit AZO has an analogous effect on the cycling performance. 2. Activated carbons (MWV-4 and TDA-Research) enhance the HRPSoC cycling performance most markedly, when added to NAM in concentrations higher than 1.0%. 3. The different effects of the different carbon types are a result of the different ways of their inclusion in the structure of NAM. At low concentration levels, carbon black pearl-like particles are adsorbed on the surface of the lead skeleton, whereas at high concentrations, they are incorporated into the bulk of the skeleton branches. Activated carbon particles, which have high affinity to lead, are integrated as parts of the lead skeleton. 4. All above effects of carbon additives are influenced also by the concentration of BaSO_4 in NAM.