In order to optimise ingot mould filling during the start-up phase, transient 3D simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer in a five-strand-ingot distribution trough were conducted. Effects of the shape of control pins (large diameter with straight end and smaller diameter with bulbous end) and troughs (U-type and near V-type) on metal fill and metal heat loss are investigated. The effect of metal velocity on the metal temperature profile in the spouts of the first and last positions to fill will be presented along with results of different control pin shapes. In our example, we use a constant incoming metal head. Spout exit velocity is maintained as uniform as possible within the limitations of the metal flow variances caused by differing refractory shapes. The resulting temperature profiles at each position and residence time of cold metal in the spouts is presented. Discussions are then made on these phenomena and their refractory design implications.
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