The recent popularity of distributed generation (DG) has caused an increasing number of small generators (rated between 100 kVA-12.5 MVA) to be connected to the power system at the distribution level (480 V-12.47 kV). Some utilities require that out-of-step relays be installed by the generation owner at the point of common coupling (PCC). This paper will examine out-of-step relaying practices as they apply to small generation protection. It will consider the value, purpose, and applicability and provide guidelines for setting of this type of relay, when employed.
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