The actions of a pile foundation on a structure are represented in commercial structural software by stiffness coefficients. These are usually calculated by approximate methods that typically neglect one or more of the important factors that affect seismic response of a structure such as inertial interaction, kinematic interaction, seismic pore water pressures, soil nonlinearity, cross stiffness coupling and dynamic pile to pile interaction. A nonlinear 3-D analysis is used to calculate time histories of total stiffnesses and structural frequencies for a typical bridge during an earthquake to demonstrate some of the consequences of using various approximate methods.
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