The complexity of welding process and weldment interaction phenomena is extremely difficult to analyze. However, the analyses have shown that the area and its centroidal location of the effective cumulative shrinkage strains, dubbed "inherent shrinkage strains," can uniquely determine welding-induced distortion. For thin-wall tubular joints and due to independence of the shrinkage strain distribution along weld axis, the strain area and its centroidal location are an one-dimensional function of distance from weld centerline. The inherent shrinkage strains may be approximated as a trapezoidal or rectangular function which width is bounded by the material softening temperature. The mock-up models containing similar characteristics of the weld joints in the frame structure can be analyzed using detailed simulation scheme to obtain the inherent shrinkage strains.
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