There are 3 general categories of oncological emergencies: Problems primarily caused by the tumor itself - Paraneoplastic problems - Treatment-induced issues - Problems stemming from the tumor itself are not as common as treatment-induced or paraneoplastic issues. Primary problems that could occur are: Renal failure secondary to renal lymphoma or carcinoma - Liver failure secondary to diffuse hepatic carcinoma - Seizures secondary to intracranial masses - Anemia or thrombocytopenia secondary to bone marrow neoplasia - GI obstruction or bleeding secondary to GI adenocarcinoma or -lymphoma Hemoabdomen secondary to ruptured hemangiosarcoma - Fracture secondary to osteosarcoma - Pneumothorax secondary to a ruptured bronchial carcinoma - Epistaxis secondary to nasal tumors - Paraneoplastic syndromes are due to remote effects of the tumor and are often the first sign of cancer that the patient demonstrates. Paraneoplastic disorders are unrelated to the size of the tumor or presence of metastasis. They are usually a result of tumor production of hormones, hormonelike substances, or polypeptides. Paraneoplastic s> ndromes can often have a higher morbidity in the primary tumor itself.
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