In order to meet the 1997 Kyoto treaty targets, U.S. carbon emissions must be severely curtailed. while top-down economic models predict that cutting carbon emissions will produce high costs, higher efficiency technology, such as residential electric heat pump water heaters, can cause carbon reduction to become profitable. In a single-family residence, replacing an electric resistance water beater with a heat pump water heater can reduce carbon emissions by 0.6 tons per year and produce savings of
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