Four different designs of 25mm bileaflet valves were tested in the mitral position using our originally developed in vitro test apparatus. By the aid of a high-speed video camera, it was observed that the SJM HP valve opened fully and the CMnearly opened fully (76°±2°). Max opening angle of the ATS and the On-X was 72°±3° and 81°±2°, respectively, whereas their opening angle was designed as 85° and 90°, respectively. Pressure gradients of the CM and the ATS were consistentlyhigher than those of the On-X and the SJM HP. Closing volume for all the valves was within the acceptable range (<8%).
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