Stratification and emptying flow in ladles before and during casting - creation of simple models from experiments and sophisticated models

摘要

The paper describes the development and verification of simple models for predicting the effect of thermal stratification and drainage flow on the temperature of the steel leaving the ladle. Two types of models have been developed and tested: one based on tanks in series and one based on equations. The tanks in series model is more complex than the equation model. However, both models are simple enough to be possible for process control. The equation model is formulated so that the total effect of stratification and drainage is expressed with one parameter. Experiments with tracer addition were performed for verification as well as 3-D numerical simulations. Both models give good predictions for the conditions that were studied.