A driver's visual adaptability is of great significance to the operation safety of urban underwater tunnels. Based on the study of drivers' pupil area distribution, the mathematical model of pupil area variation when entering the tunnel under time series was constructed, and a method of visual adaptability evaluation was established. The results demonstrated: (a) the pupil area of the driver increased when entering the tunnel until the average pupil area was 3.318 times of that before entering the tunnel when adapting to the black hole effect; (b) when entering the tunnel in the daytime, the driver's visual adaptability outside the tunnel was better than inside; and (c) the side walls on both sides of the ramp in front of the entrance and the shading shed can enhance the driver's visual adaptability to the black hole effect. The research results can provide theoretical support for the safety management of urban underwater tunnel entrances.
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