Demand Response and Energy Storage System Participation in North American Electricity Markets

摘要

Demand response (DR) and energy storage systems (ESS) are important resources for Independent System Operators (ISOs) to reduce the peak demand and electricity price spikes, balance the intermittency of renewable energy resources (RES), and increase power system resiliency, efficiency and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current frameworks and programs for DR and ESS to participate in some electricity markets in North America (US and Canada). The modalities of DR participation in each ISO are classified based on: (i) their mode of procurement, (ii) their participation time-frame (day-ahead or real-time) and operational domain (energy, ancillary services, or capacity), and (iii) the type of DR programs. Also, a comprehensive study of the ancillary services market structure, ESS procurement process, and deployment timeline is discussed.