Assessment of source apportionment by Positive Matrix Factorization analysis on fine and coarse particulate matter in industrial areas in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria

摘要

The characterization of PM_(2.5) and PM_(2.5-10) trace element compositions and black carbon was achieved using XRF and Optical Transmissometer. Source apportionments of PM were performed using US EPA PMF v5.0.5. Five and four sources were identified for PM_(2.5) and PM_(2.5-10) samples, respectively. About 95% of PM_(2.5) and 84% of PM_(2.5-10) were identified to be contributions from anthropogenic sources that were associated with northwesterly regional transport. Biomass burning was the predominant fine PM source and was attributed to agricultural and domestic burning within these industrial areas. The petrochemical industry and vehicular emissions featured prominently for the coarse PM samples. Soil was also an important source of the coarse PM. The results of this work suggest that there are competing relationships between anthropogenic and natural source processes in these industrial areas. This study will help relevant stakeholders and policy makers understand the influence of regional and local sources of PM_(2.5) and PM_(2.5-10) in urban areas. These results also illustrate the application of source location and apportionment of PM in solving local pollution problems where there are reasonably sized data set such as in this study.