Paschen's law, U = f(pd), is the most famous result in the study of low-pressure gas discharge. However, many researchers observed the deviation from Paschen's law in their experiments in which, with a same value of pd, the breakdown voltage for a longer gap is higher than that for a shorter gap, i.e., U = f(p, d) rather than U = f(pd), which leads to the curves of the breakdown voltage as a function of pd for the gaps with different length not superimposing onto each other.
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