Previous theoretical solutions for tunneling-induced ground movements are usually based on the boundary condition of uniform radial displacement at the cavity opening. There has little investigation into the problem of non-uniform convergence deformation pattern. Actually, excavation convergence is highly non-uniform with more crown settlement and less invert heave. The displacement controlled boundary element solution is presented and the oval-shaped ground deformation pattern is imposed to the tunnel opening boundary to consider the non-uniform convergence characters. The applicability of the proposed solution is checked with the field observations and other analytical methods and centrifuge test data. Generally good agreement of the predicted ground deformations can be seen with the compared verifications. It may provide certain basis to draw up correctly protective measurements of geotechnical environments influenced by subway tunneling in soft soils.
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