Exceptional fl oods are occur due to exceptionally high rainfall in the catchment area of anatural stream or the peak run-off from snowmelt supplemented by wide spread rains or someaccidents like an avalanche or in some cases, a heavy land slide blocking the river stream forsome time and then giving way. Such fl ood discharges over fl ow the dominant fl ow channelsand inundate the fl ood plain to varying degrees resulting in damages to crops, industries,infrastructure of all types and sometimes even metropolitan facilities.Rivers fl owing through Pakistan experience large variation of fl ows during different parts ofthe year. The maximum fl ows occur in the summer monsoon months of July, August andSeptember. Pakistan’s economy is essentially based on agriculture. The inundating fl oodfl ows result in heavy, sometime colossal damages through crop destruction, damage toinfrastructure, cattle deaths and even loss of human lives.
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