Electromagnetic Structures and Inertias of Particles including the Higgs Boson

摘要

The underlying thesis is that all particles and fields are electromagnetic and all particles have defined shapes and density profiles in the three spatial dimensions and in the two dimensions of time and frequency. Electromagnetic string structures suitable for photons and the main sub-atomic particles have previously been presented. The strings are high density currents and line charges, collectively named 'substance' ψ, in loops and toroids and these make up the central core of a particle. By 'electromagnetic coupling' a particle core induces a 'potential region', which is a 'dark matter atmosphere' surrounding the core. The atmosphere is a finite region, and thus a finite energy region, where the 'potential' Φ_1 from the core 'substance' ψ dominates but induces an atmosphere of low density secondary substance ψ_2 with potential Φ2. In this way 'electromagnetic coupling' with finite energy constraints establishes the shapes and profiles of the sub-atomic particles. These particle models have electromagnetic frequency spectra with discrete lines. The total energy E of the spectral lines and any coupling between them is the gravitational mass m of a particle according to E = mc~2. With an additional assumption the EM model explains the high inertial mass of any particle having a dense core. The additional assumption is that EM coupling between the core and the atmosphere has a small definite time delay. Thus inertia of particles comes from 'time delayed EM coupling'. It follows that diffuse energy with low density, such as for dark matter, fields, photons and neutrinos, should have low inertial mass relative to gravitational mass. Young's double slit diffraction of electrons is explained by the substance cores of the electrons passing through either slit, but with the EM wave potential atmosphere passing through both slits to create a 'potential diffraction pattern' that steers the electron cores probabilistically into the observed diffraction patterns. The effective frequency for the diffraction of electrons is the electron (string) frequency Doppler shifted by the electron stream velocity. The lifetime of the Higgs Boson is predicted to be short ～1.6 × 10~(-22) sec. The Higgs particle is found to have a dominant line spectrum with a line width corresponding to a Q ～380. The peak of the spectrum is ～6 × 10~(21) Hz, which is at least an order of magnitude greater than for Gamma rays. The Higgs particle is thus a rather unstable quantum and its EM strings may not be easily represented or measured. A layered and twisting EM string arrow model is considered as a possible structure for neutrinos.