Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the properties of shoe-surface interface conditions on natural grass and synthetic turfs [2,7,9]. It is suggested that ankle injuries are related to the torque generated in the joint. Recently, our laboratory has developed a surrogate ankle [10] for use with a rotational traction measurement apparatus on various surfaces [9]. External rotation, commonly thought as the mechanism of a high ankle sprain in football, is applied to the surrogate foot and the resistive torque is measured.
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