Low-frequency ultrasound(20 kHz ≤ f ≤100 kHz) has been extensively researched only in last 10 years. It has been shown to enhance transdermal transport of a variety of drugs. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) offers several advantages over traditional delivery methods including injection and oral delivery. Low-frequency ultrasound has been shown to increase skin permeability to a variety of low-molecular as well as high-molecular weight drugs. The enhancement is determined by various parameters, including intensity, duty cycle, and application time. This review summarizes applications and mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis. Low-frequency ultrasound has been shown to synergistically enhance skin permeability with chemical enhancers iontophoresis and electroporation. Sonophoresis may therefore potentially be applied for non-invasive and painless delivery of drugs in the treatment of some disease.
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