Alfredo Diaz Mosquera Safeguards Analyst Section for System Studies Division of Concepts and Planning Department of Safeguards IAEA

摘要

Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) a non-nuclear weapons State signatory of the treaty must conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA (based on the INFCIRC/153 model agreement). The "traditional" safeguards system, based on the implementation of the safeguards agreement, has been applied to many types of nuclear facilities like reactors, critical facilities, conversion and fuel fabrication plants, separate storage installations, reprocessing plants and enrichment plants. This safeguards system provides credible assurance of the non-diversion of nuclear material from declared nuclear activities. Upon the introduction of the Model Additional Protocol (INFCIRC/540 Corr.), to strengthen IAEA safeguards, the safeguards objective has been expanded to provide, as well as assurance of non-diversion, credible assurance of the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in the State. The optimal combination of safeguards measures under a safeguards agreement and an additional protocol, called integrated safeguards, is at present being developed and implemented by the IAEA and its Member States. A new type of nuclear facility that will require implementation of safeguards in the near future is the geological repository. A geological repository is an underground installation for the disposal of radioactive waste, including nuclear material e.g. spent fuel, usually located several hundred meters below the surface in a stable geological formation that ensures long-term isolation of radionuclides from the biosphere. No facility of this type has ever been under IAEA safeguards and therefore the Agency has no practical experience with them. Nevertheless a substantial amount of work has been invested to develop an approach for safeguarding this type of facility. This has been done mostly following the premises of traditional safeguards.