Havalfjordur sub-sea road tunnel Iceland: Pre-construction forecasts and construction experiences

摘要

The Hvalfjordur sub-sea road tunnel in Iceland breaks new ground for a tunnelling concept which to a great extent has been applied solely in hard rock environment in the Scandinavian countries. The tunnel is the first ever sub-sea road tunnel excavated in young, basaltic rock mass which is geothermally and seismically active.