The five types of protective earthing systems for industrial and commercial power systems systems behave differently under the same earth fault conditions. Having dissimilar loop resistances and reactances in the systems, the fault currents significantly deviate in magnitudes and resonance behaviour. The 16th IEE wiring regulations recognizes this phenomenon and contributes solutions. The author supplements the discussion put forward by the regulations and related articles. The author also draws readers' attention to open-neutral faults and the interaction of lightning protection systems with the protection earthing systems.
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