These results suggest that the engineered μVOC construct mimics the cartilage-bone-vascular interaction in limb development and fracture repair. Moreover, hydroxyapatite negatively affects vasculature and its pro-regenerative crosstalk with cartilage and bone, suggesting caution when combined with scaffolds for bone repair. Finally, the 3D μVOC construct combined with our bioreactor provides a biomimetic platform for drug screening.
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