Reliability-Aware Data Placement for Heterogeneous Memory Architecture

摘要

System reliability is a first-class concern as technology continues to shrink, resulting in increased vulnerability to traditional sources of errors such as single event upsets. By tracking access counts and the Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF), application data can be partitioned into groups based on how frequently it is accessed (its "hotness") and its likelihood to cause program execution error (its "risk"). This is particularly useful for memory systems which exhibit heterogeneity in their performance and reliability such as Heterogeneous Memory Architectures - with a typical configuration combining slow, highly reliable memory with faster, less reliable memory. This work demonstrates that current state of the art, performance-focused data placement techniques affect reliability adversely. It shows that page risk is not necessarily correlated with its hotness; this makes it possible to identify pages that are both hot and low risk, enabling page placement strategies that can find a good balance of performance and reliability. This work explores heuristics to identify and monitor both hotness and risk at run-time, and further proposes static, dynamic, and program annotation-based reliability-aware data placement techniques. This enables an architect to choose among available memories with diverse performance and reliability characteristics. The proposed heuristic-based reliability-aware data placement improves reliability by a factor of 1.6x compared to performance-focused static placement while limiting the performance degradation to 1%. A dynamic reliability-aware migration scheme, which does not require prior knowledge about the application, improves reliability by a factor of 1.5x on average while limiting the performance loss to 4.9%. Finally, program annotation-based data placement improves the reliability by 1.3x at a performance cost of 1.1%.