Conclusions: Three-dimensional printing of vessels is challenging. However, we have employed the use of a novel bioink and bioprinting method to successfully construct vessel structures with cell-laden hydrogel without complex processing. We suggest this strategy as a viable means to construct perfusable vessels with proliferative cells and biocompatible materials. Furthermore, the in vitro creation of perfusable multicellular vessel constructs via bioprinting and with specific tissues would immensely advance human medicine.
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