Previous work on equivalence checking for synthesis and translation validation has usually verified programs across selected optimizations, disabling the ones that exploit undefined behaviour. On the other hand, modern compilers extensively exploit language level undefined behaviour for optimization. Previous work on equivalence checking for translation validation and synthesis yields poor results, when such optimizations relying on undefined behaviour are enabled. We extend previous work on simulation-based equivalence checking, by adding a framework for reasoning about language level undefined behaviour. We implement our ideas in a tool to compare equivalence across compiler optimizations produced by GCC and LLVM. Testing these compiler optimizations on programs taken from the SPEC integer benchmark suite, we find that modeling undefined behaviour semantics improves success rates for equivalence checking by 31 percentage points (from 50% to 81%) on average, almost uniformly across the two compilers. This significant difference in success rates confirms the widespread impact of undefined behaviour on compiler optimization, something that has been ignored by previous work on equivalence checking. Further, our work brings insight into the relative significance of the different types of C undefined behaviour on compiler optimization.
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