Conditions on the existence of self-dual θ-codes defined over a finite field F_q are studied for θ automorphism of F_q. When q ≡ l (mod 4) it is proven that there always exists a self-dual θ-code in any dimension and that self-dual θ-codes of a given dimension are either all θ-cyclic or all θ-negacyclic. When q ≡ 3 (mod 4), there does not exist a self-dual θ-cyclic code and a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of self-dual θ-negacyclic codes is given.
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