Development of Simulated Driving Cycles: Case study of the Toronto Waterfront Area

摘要

Driving cycles are an important input for state-of-the-art vehicle emission models. Development of adriving cycle requires second-by-second vehicle speed for a representative set of vehicles. Currentpractice is to use standard driving cycles, like HWFET or SFTP-US06, however, these driving cyclesreflect small samples of vehicles, do not reflect varying conditions by time of day, by vehicle type andcannot reflect or forecast changes in traffic conditions. This paper introduces a method to developrepresentative driving cycles using simulated data from a calibrated microscopic traffic simulation modelin the Toronto Waterfront Area. The simulation method addresses some of the limitations with standarddriving cycles. The simulation model is calibrated to reflect road counts, link speeds, and accelerationsusing a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The simulation is validated by comparing simulated vs.observed passenger car freeway cycles. The simulation method is applied to develop AM peak hourfreeway driving cycles for light, medium and heavy duty trucks. The demonstration reveals differences inspeed, acceleration, and driver aggressiveness between driving cycles for different vehicle types. Thesedriving cycles are compared against a range of available driving cycles, showing different trafficconditions and driving behaviors, and suggesting a need for city-specific driving cycles. Emissions fromthe simulated driving cycles are also compared with EPA's Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule(HWFET) showing higher emission factors for the Toronto Waterfront freeway cycles.